Introduction to Onam
Onam is a vibrant and significant festival celebrated predominantly in the Indian state of Kerala. Known for its rich cultural heritage and diverse traditions, the festival marks the annual harvest festival and is observed with grand festivities, making it one of the most important events.
Onam commemorates the return of the mythical King Mahabali, whose reign is remembered as a time of prosperity and happiness. According to legend, Mahabali was a just and benevolent ruler whose kingdom experienced immense peace and wealth. The festival is a celebration of his return to see his people and their well-being, symbolizing the eternal struggle between good and evil and the triumph of righteousness. It is celebrated over ten days, with the main day known as Thiruvonam, and this period is marked by various rituals, feasts, and cultural events.
Visual arts play a significant role in its celebration, with crafts like Pookalam (floral rangoli) and mural paintings being central to the festivities. Pookalam involves intricate designs made from colorful flowers, symbolizing prosperity and welcoming the legendary King Mahabali. Kerala murals, often adorning temple walls, depict mythological scenes and themes with vivid colors and detailed imagery. Contemporary visual arts also draw inspiration from these traditions, with modern artists incorporating festival motifs into paintings, decorative items, and eco-friendly crafts.
Performing arts are another vital aspect of celebrations. Kathakali, the classical dance-drama, brings to life the stories from Hindu epics with its elaborate costumes, expressive gestures, and dramatic performances. Thiruvathira, a graceful dance performed by women, celebrates femininity and communal harmony, reflecting the spirit of Onam. These performances not only entertain but also educate audiences about the cultural and mythological heritage.
Crafts and artifacts crafted during the festival exhibit the talents of local artisans. Boat-making for Vallam Kali (snake boat races) stands out as an exceptional craft, encompassing the creation of sizable, intricately adorned boats. Handicrafts like clay and wooden artifacts, Kathakali masks, and attire such as Kasavu sarees enhance the festive ambiance, while contemporary interpretations of these crafts, such as Pookalam kits and fashionable accessories, fuse classic aesthetics with modern designs, broadening Onam's appeal to a wider audience.
God Vamana teaching King Mahabali, 1672 Dutch painting. Source: Wellcome Images via Wikipedia
Artistic representations of Onam: Pookalam (Flower Rangoli)
Pookalam, also referred to as Athapookalam, represents an elaborate and vibrant floral arrangement meticulously crafted on the ground during the festival. This art form holds significant importance, embodying themes of beauty, abundance, and the gracious return of King Mahabali. The term 'Pookalam' originates from 'Poo', signifying flower, and 'Kalam,' representing artwork or colorful sketch.
The creation of Pookalam begins on Atham, the first day of the ten-day festival, and continues until Thiruvonam, the final and most significant day. Each day, new layers of flowers are added, and the design becomes more complex and vibrant. The process involves meticulous planning, creativity, and teamwork, often engaging entire families and communities in its creation.
Traditional Pookalam designs are characterized by geometric shapes, symmetrical patterns, and intricate detailing. These designs can range from simple circular motifs to elaborate patterns that depict scenes from mythology, nature, or daily life. Common elements in Pookalam designs include circular patterns, which are the most basic and widespread design, representing unity and the cyclic nature of life. Geometric shapes such as squares, triangles, and other forms are often incorporated to add complexity and balance. Floral motifs are also prominent, with flowers such as marigolds, jasmine, chrysanthemums, and hibiscus being commonly used for their vibrant colors and availability during the season. Symbolic imagery may include depictions of deities, animals, or mythical scenes, particularly those related to the legend of Mahabali. The choice of colors and flowers is significant, with each color symbolizing different aspects of life and spirituality. Yellow, for instance, symbolizes prosperity, while white stands for purity and peace.
Pookalam carries profound symbolic and cultural significance, transcending mere artistic expression to become a spiritual and communal endeavor rich with layers of meaning. According to legend, the Pookalam is a way to welcome King Mahabali to each home, as it is believed that he visits his subjects during festival. The vibrant floral designs are a sign of respect and honor for the beloved king. The use of flowers signifies a celebration of nature’s bounty and the harvest season. It is an expression of gratitude for the agricultural abundance that sustains life. The collaborative effort involved in creating a Pookalam fosters a sense of community and unity. Families, neighbors, and friends come together, reflecting the festival’s spirit of togetherness and harmony. The process of making Pookalam is a meditative and joyous activity, blending aesthetics with spirituality. It enhances the festive atmosphere and provides a sensory delight through colors and fragrances.
Flower Rangoli (pookalam). Author: Challiyan at Malayalam Wikipedia
Kerala’s mural art
Mural paintings are renowned for their intricate details, vibrant colors, and spiritual themes. Originating from the early medieval period, these murals adorn the walls of temples, churches, and palaces across the state. The tradition of mural painting in Kerala can be traced back to the 8th century AD, with significant developments during the 14th to 16th centuries under the patronage of local rulers and the influence of classical Indian art forms like Ajanta and Ellora cave paintings.
Murals are characterized by their use of natural pigments and vegetable dyes, which provide the paintings with their unique, earthy colors. These murals often depict mythological and religious themes, capturing stories from Hindu epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, as well as local legends and folklore. The art form follows a specific style and technique, with a focus on elaborate detailing, harmonious color schemes, and expressive human and divine figures.
Onam, being a festival deeply rooted in cultural and mythological heritage, is a popular theme in mural paintings. These murals often depict the legendary King Mahabali and the various festivities associated with his annual visit to Kerala. Scenes from the mythological stories surrounding Mahabali's reign, his benevolent rule, and his eventual departure to the netherworld are commonly illustrated.
Murals depicting themes vividly encapsulate the festive atmosphere and jubilant energy of the occasion. Artists portray various rituals and customs, including the crafting of Pookalam (floral rangoli), the indulgence in Onasadya (the grand feast), and the exhilarating spectacle of Vallam Kali (boat races). Additionally, these murals showcase traditional dances like Kathakali and Pulikali, portraying scenes of unity and merriment. Through these artistic representations, the murals not only commemorate the festival but also serve as visual narratives documenting rich cultural heritage and the essence of it.
Several temples and heritage sites in Kerala are renowned for their exquisite mural paintings. The Vadakkunnathan Temple in Thrissur, the Ettumanoor Mahadeva Temple, and the Padmanabhapuram Palace are notable for their magnificent murals. These venues display artworks that depict a wide range of cultural and religious themes.
Renowned artists of mural painting, such as Mammiyoor Krishnan Kutty Nair, are lauded for their efforts in revitalizing and safeguarding mural art. Similarly, A. S. Menon is acclaimed for his prolific endeavors in the restoration and creation of murals that resonate with mythological and cultural legacy. Modern artists like M. V. Devan and K. K. Warrier have also left indelible marks by seamlessly blending classical techniques with contemporary motifs, all the while paying homage to the core of Kerala’s mural art.
Contemporary Onam interpretations
Several contemporary artists find inspiration in traditional themes and lively festivities, reinterpreting them through diverse styles and mediums, thereby connecting classical traditions with modern aesthetics.
One prominent artist is M. F. Husain, who is known for his bold and dynamic works. Though not from Kerala, Husain’s paintings have often explored Indian festivals and cultural themes. His use of vibrant colors and dynamic compositions capture the liveliness and spirit of the festival.
K. G. Subramanyan, another notable artist, merges classical Indian motifs with modernist approaches. His creations frequently capture the dynamic cultural ambiance of festivals, presenting them with a contemporary flair while preserving their inherent essence.
Kerala-based artist Paris Viswanathan is renowned for his abstract interpretations of cultural festivals. His works are known for their use of vivid colors and abstract forms, which evoke the festive atmosphere.
Bose Krishnamachari, another prominent contemporary artist, has also depicted themes related to cultural festivals. His eclectic and vibrant style brings a fresh perspective to classicall subjects, making them relevant to modern audiences.
Modern artists employ a wide array of styles and techniques to interpret Onam, ranging from abstract and expressionist to figurative and mixed media.
M. F. Husain’s approach is characterized by his use of bright, flat colors and bold lines. His depiction might include dynamic compositions that convey the energy and vibrancy of the festival. Husain often uses simplified forms and exaggerated features, which emphasize movement and emotion, capturing the essence of celebration and festivity.
K. G. Subramanyan is renowned for blending folk art conventions with modernist aesthetics in his works. His artistic approach includes detailed patterns, flowing lines, and vivid colors. Subramanyan incorporates motifs such as traditional dancers, floral adornments, and celebratory settings, harmonizing traditional elements with contemporary interpretations.
Paris Viswanathan's abstract interpretations frequently delve into the emotional and sensory aspects of the festival. Employing abstract shapes and vibrant color schemes, his artworks evoke the essence and ambiance of the festival, prioritizing mood over literal representation. His pieces may feature swirling hues and dynamic forms, conveying the rhythm and liveliness reminiscent of traditional dances or the energetic bustle of festivities.
Bose Krishnamachari’s eclectic style incorporates various media and techniques, often resulting in vibrant, multi-layered works. His depictions could include a mix of painting, collage, and installation art, reflecting the complexity and richness of the festival. Krishnamachari’s use of bold colors, mixed textures, and innovative compositions offers a contemporary take on traditional themes, making them accessible and engaging for modern viewers.
These modern interpretations by contemporary artists not only celebrate the festival but also highlight its relevance in today's cultural landscape. By incorporating classical elements into modern frameworks, these artists preserve the essence of Onam while introducing it to new audiences and ensuring its continued evolution and appreciation.
Performing arts and Onam: Kathakali and Thiruvathira
Kathakali is one of the most renowned and visually stunning dance forms associated with Kerala and is prominently performed during the festival. This classical dance-drama is characterized by its elaborate costumes, intricate makeup, detailed gestures, and well-defined body movements. Kathakali performances typically depict stories from Hindu epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana, as well as local folklore and legends.
Kathakali performances often center around themes that reflect the cultural and mythological significance of the festival. The tale of King Mahabali, the central figure in the Onam legend, is a common subject. These performances are not merely entertainment but a rich amalgamation of dance, drama, music, and ritual.
The performers, known as Kathakali artists, undergo rigorous training to master the precise movements and expressions that convey various emotions and narratives. The makeup is highly symbolic, with colors representing different characters: green for heroes and gods, red for villains, and black for demons. The elaborate headgear and costumes further add to the grandeur of the performance.
In Kathakali, music played on instruments such as the chenda (drum), maddalam, and elathalam (cymbals) heightens the dramatic impact and complements the narrative. Vocalists employ a unique style essential to storytelling, often delivering verses in Malayalam, the regional language of Kerala.
Bobinson K B, Dhuryodhana Vadham Kathakali Performance, Kochi, India. Author: Bobinsonkb, via Wikipedia
Thiruvathira is another dance form closely linked with Onam, revered for its grace and cultural importance. Predominantly performed by women, it features rhythmic, circular movements and a refined simplicity. Thiruvathira is dedicated to honoring the goddess Parvati and is thought to bestow marital happiness and longevity upon married women.
Thiruvathira is enacted collectively, with dancers encircling a lit lamp and moving harmoniously to the beat of customary melodies. These melodies, titled Thiruvathirappattu, extol Onam and its related tales, frequently narrating the legend of King Mahabali and the abundance of his rule.
Thiruvathira's dance movements, while straightforward, demand meticulous coordination and synchronization among the performers. The motions exude a gentle, fluid quality, embodying the elegance and allure associated with Kerala womanhood. Dressed in traditional attire—white saris embellished with golden borders—and adorned with jasmine flowers in their hair, the dancers enhance the visual allure of the performance.
Thiruvathira is more than just a dance; it is a communal activity that fosters a sense of unity and shared cultural heritage among women. The dance is a celebration of femininity, cultural tradition, and the collective spirit of the festival.
Both Kathakali and Thiruvathira play crucial roles in the cultural celebrations. They are not only artistic expressions but also embodiments of rich traditions and communal values. Through these performances, the stories and legends are brought to life, allowing the audience to connect with their cultural roots and celebrate the timeless traditions of their land.
Kathakali, with its dramatic storytelling and elaborate visual appeal, captures the grandeur and mythological essence of Onam, while Thiruvathira, with its graceful and rhythmic movements, reflects the joy and communal harmony that the festival promotes. Together, these dance forms enrich the celebrations, making them a vibrant and culturally immersive experience.
Traditional crafts in Onam celebrations
Vallam Kali, also known as the snake boat race, stands as one of the most exhilarating and iconic elements of Onam festivities. These races serve as a tribute to the skill and collaborative spirit of local craftsmen. The vessels utilized in Vallam Kali, referred to as "chundan vallams" or snake boats, showcase the mastery of boat-making craftsmanship. These boats are typically 100 to 120 feet long and can accommodate up to 100 rowers. The construction of a snake boat is a meticulous process, requiring expert knowledge of wood types and boat design. The primary material used is a specific kind of wood known for its durability and buoyancy, often anjili (wild jack) or teak. Artisans shape the wood into the sleek, elongated form that characterizes the snake boat, ensuring it can cut through the water with minimal resistance. The boats are then decorated with vibrant colors and intricate patterns, reflecting the cultural richness. The entire process, from sourcing the wood to the final touches, involves the collective effort of skilled craftsmen, making each boat a unique masterpiece.
Handicrafts and artifacts created during the festival
Onam also sees the creation of various handicrafts and artifacts that add to the festive ambiance. These include Pookalam decorations, where the floral rangoli or Pookalam is a centerpiece of the celebrations. Artisans craft elaborate tools and templates to assist in the creation of intricate Pookalam designs, ensuring the flowers are arranged with precision. Clay and wooden artifacts hold prominence, as artisans fashion a range of pieces depicting scenes from legends, including King Mahabali figurines and depictions of the feast. Kathakali masks constitute another notable craft utilized in Kathakali dance performances, crafted by skilled artisans from materials like papier-mâché, wood, and natural dyes to represent various characters from mythological tales. Additionally, traditional attire remains integral, with handloom weavers crafting Kasavu sarees and dhotis adorned with golden borders, worn during festivities.
In recent years, contemporary artisans and designers have found inspiration in the festival's traditional crafts, infusing them with modern aesthetics and practicality. These modern interpretations encompass Pookalam kits, simplifying the creation process with pre-selected flowers and design templates, catering particularly to urban dwellers seeking to partake in the tradition without the challenge of sourcing individual blooms. Decorative home items, influenced by classical motifs, have gained popularity, as contemporary artisans craft wall hangings, table runners, and cushion covers adorned with traditional patterns and symbols. Fashion accessories have also embraced this influence, with designers creating jewelry incorporating elements of traditional attire, such as earrings and necklaces featuring motifs reminiscent of the Kasavu saree’s golden border. Furthermore, there is a growing interest in eco-friendly crafts, as many artisans produce environmentally conscious crafts using recycled materials and natural dyes, thereby ensuring the continuation of traditional techniques while prioritizing sustainability.
Role of local artisans and craftsmen
Local artisans and craftsmen play a pivotal role in preserving Onam crafts and introducing innovative interpretations. They inherit and pass on their skills and knowledge across generations, ensuring the continuity of cultural heritage. Often operating in cooperatives or small workshops, these artisans blend traditional techniques with modern tools to produce both conventional and contemporary crafts. They actively engage in local and national craft fairs, where they exhibit their creations and receive acknowledgment for their contributions to cultural conservation. Government and non-governmental organizations offer substantial support to these artisans through various initiatives, encompassing training, financial assistance, and platforms for product promotion. Such assistance aids artisans in sustaining their livelihoods while simultaneously fostering the rich cultural legacy.
The traditional and contemporary crafts associated with the festival are a vibrant reflection of cultural heritage. From the intricate boat making for Vallam Kali to the creation of modern decorative items, these crafts embody the spirit and highlight the ingenuity and artistry of local artisans. Through their work, these craftsmen ensure that the traditions continue to thrive and evolve, blending the past with the present.
These artistic expressions serve as living records of Kerala’s traditions, ensuring that the stories, values, and customs associated with Onam are passed down through generations. The arts are indispensable in celebrating Onam, as they capture the festival’s joyous spirit and deep cultural roots, while also adapting to contemporary tastes and sensibilities. Through these artistic expressions, the cultural legacy of the festival thrives, enriching the lives of those who participate in and witness these vibrant traditions.
Selena Mattei