CYTOKINE (2020) Digital Arts by Etienne Frouin (E9 Inertion)

CYTOKINE
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) important in cell signaling. Cytokines are peptides, and cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm. Cytokines have been shown to be involved in autocrine, paracrine and endocrine signaling as immunomodulating agents. Their definite distinction from hormones is still part of ongoing research.
Cytokines include chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines, and tumour necrosis factors, but generally not hormones or growth factors (despite some overlap in the terminology).
Cytokines are produced by a broad range of cells, including immune cells like macrophages, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and mast cells, as well as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and various stromal cells; a given cytokine may be produced by more than one type of cell.
They act through receptors, and are especially important in the immune system; cytokines modulate the balance between humoral and cell-based immune responses, and they regulate the maturation, growth, and responsiveness of particular cell populations. Some cytokines enhance or inhibit the action of other cytokines in complex ways.
They are different from hormones, which are also important cell signaling molecules, in how hormones circulate in higher concentrations and tend to be made by specific kinds of cells.
They are important in health and disease, specifically in host responses to infection, immune responses, inflammation, trauma, sepsis, cancer, and reproduction.
Les cytokines (du grec cyto, cellule, et kinos, mouvement) sont un ensemble hétérogène de protéines ou des glycoprotéines solubles (masse moléculaire moyenne de 8 à 50 kDa)./ elles jouent le rôle de signaux permettant aux cellules d'agir à distance sur d'autres cellules pour en réguler l'activité et la fonction. À la différence des hormones dont le taux de sécrétion est continu bien que modifié par des signaux physiologiques, les cytokines sont synthétisées principalement en réponse à un signal activateur. Chaque cytokine peut être produite par de nombreux types de cellules. Les cytokines agissent sur des cellules cibles en se fixant sur des récepteurs spécifique
D’après le langage graphique de notre héros spatio temporel E9 INERTION alias Etienne FROUIN

Related themes

CytokineE9 InertionEtienne FrouinLangage GraphiqueGraphic Language