Ephraim (2021) Photographie par Grazyna Hajewski

... From antiquity to the end of the 16th century, the landscape was a background for mythological, historical or religious events presented. It also appeared as an independent topic, e. g. in the Hellenistic wall painting (Pompeiian painting), where he created a decorative element. With the growing interest in the natural world during the Renaissance, the role of the landscape also increased, which led to the emergence of the landscape as a new painting species (independent landscape). The first works of this type were created in Dutch painting.
The landscape blossomed in the 17th century, its cultivars emerged and theoretical categories were developed. In the Netherlands, the development was mainly topographical (Jan van Goyen, Meindert Hobbema, Jacob van Ruisdael) and fantastic (Joachim Patinir) landscapes. Italy and France were dominated by the composed landscape, where the heroic landscape (Nicolas Poussin) and the pastoral landscape (Claude Lorrain) were distinguished. In the 18th century Venice, the vedut painting was developing (Giovanni Antonio Canal, Francesco Guardi, Bernardo Bellotto); in England, it was created by such artists as William Turner and John Constable; in Germany - Caspar David Friedrich. In the nineteenth century, the so called "Socrates" were created. a school in Barbizon, which brought together artists who painted mainly realistic country landscapes (Théodore Rousseau). Also in impressionism and post-Impressionism, the main theme of the landscape remains - but in a completely new way (Camille Pissarro).
In the nineteenth century, a school in Barbizon, which brought together artists who painted mainly realistic country landscapes (Théodore Rousseau). Also in impressionism and post-Impressionism, the main theme of the landscape remains - but in a completely new way (Camille Pissarro). In the art of the twentieth century, landscape has become a popular theme taken up by artists from various directions (fovists, cubists, expressionists, surrealists).

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